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Updated: Oct 15, 2026
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Linux Foundation CKS (Certified Kubernetes Security Specialist) Certification Exam is an industry-recognized certification that validates the skills and knowledge required to secure containerized applications and Kubernetes platforms. As more organizations adopt Kubernetes for their container orchestration, the demand for certified Kubernetes security specialists has increased. The CKS certification helps IT professionals demonstrate their expertise in securing Kubernetes environments and provides a competitive edge in the job market.
Reference: https://training.linuxfoundation.org/certification/certified-kubernetes-security-specialist/#exams
Linux Foundation CKS (Certified Kubernetes Security Specialist) Certification Exam is an industry-recognized certification that validates a candidate's skills and knowledge in securing containerized applications and Kubernetes platforms. CKS exam is designed to test a candidate's ability to identify and address security risks in Kubernetes environments, as well as their proficiency in implementing security controls and best practices.
Linux Foundation CKS (Certified Kubernetes Security Specialist) exam is a certification program aimed at validating the skills of individuals in securing Kubernetes clusters. Kubernetes is a popular container orchestration platform used in cloud-native applications, and its security is paramount. CKS exam is designed to test the candidate's knowledge of various security concepts, tools, and practices that are essential in securing Kubernetes clusters.
Linux Foundation CKS Exam Overview:
| Certification Vendor: | The Linux Foundation |
|---|---|
| Exam Name: | Certified Kubernetes Security Specialist |
| Exam Number: | CKS |
| Certificate Validity Period: | 2 years |
| Available Languages: | English |
| Related Certifications: | CKA (Certified Kubernetes Administrator) |
| Exam Duration: | 120 minutes |
| Exam Price: | $395 USD |
| Exam Format: | Performance-based hands-on command line tasks |
| Passing Score: | 66% |
| Real Exam Qty: | 15-20 |
| Sample Questions: | Linux Foundation CKS Sample Questions |
| Exam Way: | Online proctored exam (remote) or at a testing center |
| Pre Condition: | CKA (Certified Kubernetes Administrator) certification is required before taking CKS |
| Official Syllabus URL: | https://training.linuxfoundation.org/certification/certified-kubernetes-security-specialist/ |
Achieving the CKS certification demonstrates that an IT professional has mastered advanced Kubernetes security concepts and can effectively secure Kubernetes clusters in production environments. Certified Kubernetes Security Specialist (CKS) certification is recognized by the Cloud Native Computing Foundation (CNCF), which governs the Kubernetes project. As Kubernetes continues to be adopted by organizations, the need for Kubernetes security specialists will likely increase, making the CKS certification a valuable asset for IT professionals looking to advance their careers in this field.
Linux Foundation CKS Exam Syllabus Topics:
| Section | Weight | Objectives |
|---|---|---|
| Topic 1: Cluster Setup | 10% | - Understand the security implications of embedding cloud provider flags - Implement Pod-to-Pod encryption using mTLS or WireGuard - Use role-based access control (RBAC) to minimize exposure - Manage sensitive information in clusters - Use Cis benchmarks to check Kubernetes cluster settings - Configure TLS certificates and minimum version for etcd - Use Pod Security Policies to control security-related pod behaviors |
| Topic 2: Supply Chain Security | 20% | - Sign container images and verify signatures - Use image admission controllers to prevent use of untrusted images - Understand image security scanning and its workflow - Understand the software supply chain best practices - Minimize base image footprint - Use distroless images for static workload - Understand the container build process - Use static analysis tools to detect vulnerabilities |
| Topic 3: Minimize Microservice Vulnerabilities | 20% | - Use AppArmor or seccomp profiles to constrain container behavior - Use PSP to enforce security controls - Set appropriate security contexts for pods and containers - Use OPA Gatekeeper to enforce security controls - Understand the principle of immutable containers - Configure network policies for namespace isolation |
| Topic 4: Monitoring, Logging, and Runtime Security | 20% | - Falco - container security monitoring and threat detection - Understand and monitor network traffic - Perform behavioral analytics to detect malicious activity - Detect threats at the container level - Audit and detect logs and events for anomalies - Minimize the attack surface using container health indicators |
| Topic 5: System Hardening | 15% | - Understand the concept of OPA (Open Policy Agent) and Gatekeeper - Modify host components to improve security - Kernel defaults and parameters using sysctl - Enable audit logging |
| Topic 6: Cluster Hardening | 15% | - Minimize admission of containers with allowPrivilegeEscalation - Minimize admission of containers with sharing the host IPC namespace - Minimize admission of privileged containers - Minimize admission of containers with hostPath volumes - Minimize admission of containers without AppArmor profile - Minimize admission of containers without seccomp profiles - Minimize admission of containers without a security context - Minimize admission of containers that allow host namespaces - Minimize admission of containers with FlexVolume volumes - Minimize admission of containers with added capabilities - Minimize admission of containers with sharing the host network namespace - Minimize admission of containers with capabilities assigned - Minimize admission of containers with raw block devices - Minimize admission of containers with sharing the host process namespace |
Linux Foundation Certified Kubernetes Security Specialist (CKS) Sample Questions:
SIMULATION
Enable audit logs in the cluster, To Do so, enable the log backend, and ensure that
1. logs are stored at /var/log/kubernetes/kubernetes-logs.txt.
2. Log files are retained for 5 days.
3. at maximum, a number of 10 old audit logs files are retained.
Edit and extend the basic policy to log:
1. Cronjobs changes at RequestResponse
2. Log the request body of deployments changes in the namespace kube-system.
3. Log all other resources in core and extensions at the Request level.
4. Don't log watch requests by the "system:kube-proxy" on endpoints or
Correct Answer:
See the Explanation belowExplanation:
SIMULATION
Task
Analyze and edit the given Dockerfile /home/candidate/KSSC00301/Docker file (based on the ubuntu:16.04 image), fixing two instructions present in the file that are prominent security/best-practice issues.
Analyze and edit the given manifest file /home/candidate/KSSC00301/deployment.yaml, fixing two fields present in the file that are prominent security/best-practice issues.
Correct Answer:
See the Explanation below
Explanation:
SIMULATION
Fix all issues via configuration and restart the affected components to ensure the new setting takes effect.
Fix all of the following violations that were found against the API server:- a. Ensure that the RotateKubeletServerCertificate argument is set to true.
b. Ensure that the admission control plugin PodSecurityPolicy is set.
c. Ensure that the --kubelet-certificate-authority argument is set as appropriate.
Fix all of the following violations that were found against the Kubelet:- a. Ensure the --anonymous-auth argument is set to false.
b. Ensure that the --authorization-mode argument is set to Webhook.
Fix all of the following violations that were found against the ETCD:-
a. Ensure that the --auto-tls argument is not set to true
b. Ensure that the --peer-auto-tls argument is not set to true
Hint: Take the use of Tool Kube-Bench
Correct Answer:
See the Explanation belowExplanation:
Fix all of the following violations that were found against the API server:- a. Ensure that the RotateKubeletServerCertificate argument is set to true.
apiVersion: v1
kind: Pod
metadata:
creationTimestamp: null
labels:
component: kubelet
tier: control-plane
name: kubelet
namespace: kube-system
spec:
containers:
- command:
- kube-controller-manager
+ - --feature-gates=RotateKubeletServerCertificate=true
image: gcr.io/google_containers/kubelet-amd64:v1.6.0
livenessProbe:
failureThreshold: 8
httpGet:
host: 127.0.0.1
path: /healthz
port: 6443
scheme: HTTPS
initialDelaySeconds: 15
timeoutSeconds: 15
name: kubelet
resources:
requests:
cpu: 250m
volumeMounts:
- mountPath: /etc/kubernetes/
name: k8s
readOnly: true
- mountPath: /etc/ssl/certs
name: certs
- mountPath: /etc/pki
name: pki
hostNetwork: true
volumes:
- hostPath:
path: /etc/kubernetes
name: k8s
- hostPath:
path: /etc/ssl/certs
name: certs
- hostPath:
path: /etc/pki
name: pki
b. Ensure that the admission control plugin PodSecurityPolicy is set.
audit: "/bin/ps -ef | grep $apiserverbin | grep -v grep"
tests:
test_items:
- flag: "--enable-admission-plugins"
compare:
op: has
value: "PodSecurityPolicy"
set: true
remediation: |
Follow the documentation and create Pod Security Policy objects as per your environment.
Then, edit the API server pod specification file $apiserverconf
on the master node and set the --enable-admission-plugins parameter to a value that includes PodSecurityPolicy :
--enable-admission-plugins=...,PodSecurityPolicy,...
Then restart the API Server.
scored: true
c. Ensure that the --kubelet-certificate-authority argument is set as appropriate.
audit: "/bin/ps -ef | grep $apiserverbin | grep -v grep"
tests:
test_items:
- flag: "--kubelet-certificate-authority"
set: true
remediation: |
Follow the Kubernetes documentation and setup the TLS connection between the apiserver and kubelets. Then, edit the API server pod specification file
$apiserverconf on the master node and set the --kubelet-certificate-authority parameter to the path to the cert file for the certificate authority.
--kubelet-certificate-authority=<ca-string>
scored: true
Fix all of the following violations that were found against the ETCD:-
a. Ensure that the --auto-tls argument is not set to true
Edit the etcd pod specification file $etcdconf on the master
node and either remove the --auto-tls parameter or set it to false.
--auto-tls=false
b. Ensure that the --peer-auto-tls argument is not set to true
Edit the etcd pod specification file $etcdconf on the master
node and either remove the --peer-auto-tls parameter or set it to false.
--peer-auto-tls=false
SIMULATION
Context
A default-deny NetworkPolicy avoids to accidentally expose a Pod in a namespace that doesn't have any other NetworkPolicy defined.
Task
Create a new default-deny NetworkPolicy named defaultdeny in the namespace testing for all traffic of type Egress.
The new NetworkPolicy must deny all Egress traffic in the namespace testing.
Apply the newly created default-deny NetworkPolicy to all Pods running in namespace testing.
Correct Answer:
See the Explanation below
Explanation:
SIMULATION
Create a User named john, create the CSR Request, fetch the certificate of the user after approving it.
Create a Role name john-role to list secrets, pods in namespace john
Finally, Create a RoleBinding named john-role-binding to attach the newly created role john-role to the user john in the namespace john.
To Verify: Use the kubectl auth CLI command to verify the permissions.
Correct Answer:
See explanation below
Explanation:
se kubectl to create a CSR and approve it.
Get the list of CSRs:
kubectl get csr
Approve the CSR:
kubectl certificate approve myuser
Get the certificate
Retrieve the certificate from the CSR:
kubectl get csr/myuser -o yaml
here are the role and role-binding to give john permission to create NEW_CRD resource:
kubectl apply -f roleBindingJohn.yaml --as=john
rolebinding.rbac.authorization.k8s.io/john_external-rosource-rb created kind: RoleBinding apiVersion: rbac.authorization.k8s.io/v1 metadata:
name: john_crd
namespace: development-john
subjects:
- kind: User
name: john
apiGroup: rbac.authorization.k8s.io
roleRef:
kind: ClusterRole
name: crd-creation
kind: ClusterRole
apiVersion: rbac.authorization.k8s.io/v1
metadata:
name: crd-creation
rules:
- apiGroups: ["kubernetes-client.io/v1"]
resources: ["NEW_CRD"]
verbs: ["create, list, get"]
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